Arch. Myriam B. Mahiques Curriculum Vitae

Showing posts with label Architectural-cultural anthropology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Architectural-cultural anthropology. Show all posts

Tuesday, December 15, 2009

Conceptos de Infinito, Tripartición y Dualidad en el Arte Popular Mexicano

Ilustración del Códice Borgia. Internet download

Notar un objeto de arte popular mexicano sólo en sus partes, sería como un acto de discriminación. Podemos discernir sus partes, pero no ir en contra de su unidad. Una vez que somos conscientes de su composición, comprenderemos que nunca el objeto ha sido concebido como unión de partes separadas.

Greg Cantor, quien basó sus investigaciones en el infinito, ha demostrado que dado un grupo (set), un grupo mayor existirá. Apoyándonos en este concepto de ¨mamushkas¨ veremos que el arte azteca y su posterior evolución en México y EEUU, desarrolla intuitivamente la idea pero, además complejiza al grupo dado, incorporando dualidades de origen pre-hispánico, como vida-muerte, bien-mal, femenino-masculino, etc. Sin estas dualidades, el Universo pierde su equilibrio. El tema de predilección es la vida y la muerte, porque son parte del mismo ciclo.
Las raíces de estas dualidades son muy antiguas; por ejemplo, el Códice Borgia muestra los perfiles de Quetzalcoatl (dios de la vida que gobierna la tierra y el cielo) y Mictlantlecuhitl (dios del infierno y de los muertos) unidos por su espina dorsal. Son dos figuras que se complementan y así presentadas son una sola. Cada una, necesita de la otra complementaria para justificar su existencia.

La temática de dualidad, tripartición e infinito se verifica en esculturas arqueológicas aztecas, donde una cabeza surge de otra y otra.... Particularmente, en el arte mexicano imbuido de religiosidad, se expresan particiones del mismo ser divino, a veces en sí mismo, a veces desdoblados en otro.

Esta es una foto de cabeza azteca que he tomado de una postal perteneciente a la exhibición de la cultura azteca en el museo Guggenheim, Nueva York, 2005. De mis archivos personales.


Máscara azteca. Internet download.

La Santísima Trinidad. Antigua versión mexicana con tres Jesucristos. Internet download

La Santísima Trinidad, antigua versión mexicana con tres cabezas de Jesucristo que parten de un mismo cuello. Internet download.

La típica tripartición se remonta a la época de la Conquista y ha provocado el horror de los misioneros españoles, quienes vieron en estas imágenes ¨monstruos¨ que pretendían representar a la Santísima Trinidad. Para el indígena, trinidad era una persona dividida en tres, pero más certero para ellos era una persona con tres cabezas iguales que parten de un mismo cuello: la interpretación errónea de la Trinidad, hizo del objeto una composición de partes iguales pero independientes, diferenciándose de los antiguos conceptos aztecas donde las particiones están dependientes y emergentes una de la otra.

Estos conceptos primigenios pero alterados, se conservan en el arte popular mexicano actual. Presento aquí dos muñecas-estatuillas que representan las ideas desarrolladas hasta ahora; la primera pertenece a Josefina Aguilar, de la segunda desconozco el autor, es una muñeca de venta standard on line.

Fridita de Josefina Aguilar

Típica Lupita con frutas en su delantal.

Lamentablemente Josefina es iletrada y no he podido contactarla personalmente, pero sí he contactado a su agente de ventas en Estados Unidos, Julie Gamin, quien me ha comentado:

¨putting images on the skirts of much larger images in pieces termed "especial" seems to be a characteristing only of the Aguilars--especially Josefina and her son, Demetrio, and Guillermina (Josefina's older sister.) The images on the skirt usually tell a story or have something to do with the larger image (…..) On a Frida's skirt, we might see other images of Frida. On a Catrina's skirt, we might see images of Mexico or images of people celebrating Day of the Dead.
On a Guadalupe's skirt, we might see other appearances of the virgin or figures that tell the story of the sighting of Guadalupe by Juan Diego. At one time, we had a beautiful Virgin whose skirt told the story of the life of Christ.¨
(Comunicación personal por email, 10/09/08).
¨poner imágenes en las polleras de imágenes mucho más grandes en piezas denominadas ¨especiales¨ parece ser una característica sólo de los Aguilar – especialmente Josefina y su hijo, Demetrio, y Guillermina (la hermana mayor de Josefina). Estas imágenes en las polleras usualmente cuentan una historia o tienen algo que ver con la imagen más grande (...) Sobre una pollera de Frida, podríamos ver otras imágenes de Frida. Sobre una pollera de Catrina, podríamos ver imágenes de México o imágenes de gente celebrando el Día de los Muertos.

Sobre una pollera de Guadalupe, podríamos ver otras apariciones de la Virgen o figuras que dicen la historia de la visión de Guadalupe por Juan Diego. A veces, tuvimos una hermosa Viren cuya pollera nos decía la historia de la vida de Cristo¨. (traducción personal).
Tanto el arte popular como la disposición de objetos en las viviendas, nos están contando historias, privadas o del saber colectivo.
Volviendo al análisis formal, vemos una profusión de escalas en esta curiosa interpretación de Frida Kahlo (llamadas Friditas) y una escultura dentro de la otra, incluso Frida, dentro de la misma Frida casi amamantando a su esposo Diego Rivera, que de pronto es un bebé gigante. La pollera de Frida presenta una dualidad de seres (humanos?) de piel negra-blanca, por las manos suponemos que la negra es hombre, la blanca es mujer, que a su vez sostienen un monito y por encima de él, un personaje femenino que a su vez sostiene a Frida quien acuna a su esposo bebé. Las dos Fridas contenidas en una, ejercen una tensión muy fuerte y compiten en importancia. La pollera, que debiera ser secundaria, puja por tener un lugar primordial en la composición.

Mi nana y yo. Por Frida Kahlo. 1937. Foto bajada de http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Landscapes/works/p_img22pcm.jpg

Personalmente considero que Josefina Aguilar hizo su propia interpretación del cuadro de Frida Kahlo ¨Mi nana y yo¨, de 1937. En el cuadro aparece una mujer negra de grandes pechos que amamanta a una Frida bebé pero con cara de adulta como la del bebé Diego Rivera. El torso de la mujer se ha pintado marrón más claro, del color de la mesa debajo. La cara y las piernas son más oscuras, como si Frida hubiera dividido la cabeza y piernas del torso que es su fuente de vida. La interpretación de Josefina va más allá aún, el pecho de la nana exhibe heridas sangrantes, probablemente tomadas de las mismas heridas de Frida, tan vistas en sus cuadros, que recuerdan su accidente; ambas mujeres tienen la misma expresión e inclinación en la cara. En estos aspectos, Frida y su nana son sólo una. Recordemos que Josefina no sabe leer. Cualquier interpretación suya es absolutamente intuitiva.

El ejemplo de las muñecas Lupitas, me fue sugerido por Julie Garmin. Y me indicó que las Lupitas –a diferencia de las Friditas- siempre presentan sus polleras pintadas, no esculpidas. Según la pintura, se reconoce el lugar de procedencia. La foto a la derecha es de una Lupita con el tema repetido de las frutas. La tridimensionalidad lograda con la canasta, se expresa en la pintura de la pollera pintando las frutas sobre una mesa en ingenua perspectiva. Esta pintura le da un protagonismo a la pollera que es imposible obviar. Estamos ante una pintura o escultura?
En arquitectura, el concepto de pintura de las Lupitas se evidencia por todo Los Angeles, en los hermosos murales que cubren la ciudad. Y si hacemos una abstracción, difícilmente descubriremos la forma urbana o arquitectónica detrás de ellos, porque el mural todo lo cubre y prevalece sobre la arquitectura. Desde mi investigación, una medición de la dimensión fractal del paisaje urbano, justamente la haríamos según lo percibido. Es decir, utilizaríamos el mural y no el plano que lo contiene.

Mural de Plaza Child, Los Angeles. Internet download.

Safe Creative #0912165122223

Sunday, November 29, 2009

Trees that Conform Social Space


Trees path in Huntington Beach Central Park. Picture by Myriam B. Mahiques

Dragon Tree. Web download.

Trees have always been part of our lives. At some stage, our primitive ancestors dwelled in the trees that gave them shelter until they evolved into ape-like humans and returned to the ground to build their first huts with trees.

Many sacred trees or pillars formed of the living trunks of trees –called Irmenseule- were found in Germany. Vitruvius, in his De architectura libri decem , had considered the structural framework as a precondition of architectural form. He described the primitive Colchians’ constructions, in Pontus, built in the following manner: "They lay down entire trees flat on the ground to the right and the left, leaving between them a space to suit the length of the trees, and then place above these another pair of trees, resting on the ends of the former and at right angles with them. These four trees enclose the space for the dwelling”. From these primitive structures, according to the Roman architect, the architectural orders developed later. Vitruvius in the first century BC, Alberti in the SXV and Viollet Le Duc in the SXIX, reasoned that the first hut would be a structure of branches against a tree or cliff, before it became a round hut.

Different interpretations of primitive huts, from Vitruvius to Viollet Le Duc


The wonder and mystery of trees is such that they were assigned with magic and symbolism. “The legendary ash tree of Scandinavia, Yggdrasil, forms the basis of Norse mythology; whilst its branches reach into the heavens, the home of the gods, its roots go down to the underworld. The trunk passes through middle Earth, linking the three realms, and forming the bridge along which the gods can pass. In this way the tree can be seen as the greatest symbol of all: a representation of the whole cosmos”. (Brian Clifford January 1999).

The Wacah Chan (or Whac Chan, a.k.a. Mayan Sacred Tree, Mayan World Tree or Mayan Tree of Life) represented the three levels of the Mayan universe. It was believed that all three universes were joined by a central tree. The roots of the tree plunged into the Maya underworld and its branches reached into the Overworld or the Heavens. From www.inriodulce.com/links/Ceibainfo.html

They were worshipped in ancient ceremonies, and were believed to be the house of spirits. In their revering as gods or favorite instruments of gods, many Oriental and Occidental people used them to locate altars and execute sacrifices, under or near them: the tree was then a social element that congregated the community. This conception implied the belief among primitive races that trees were animated. In the Middle East, parts of the trees may be taken as talismans/charms/amulets/medicine because the tree had the divine blessing of the saint ("Barakeh") to whom the tree is dedicated. (Amots Dafni. 2007).
In Sweden, "Court trees" go back a long way in Germanic custom. The name of the ancient town of Malters in Canton Lucerne, may be derived from "mahal-tre," meaning "gathering tree," the tree under which people met to see justice meted out. Another Swiss surprising habit with the village lime trees, was to use them as a “dance hall”; supposedly people harvesting those trees would have tied down their branches to grow them horizontal, and in the course of several decades the branches grew firm enough in that position to support the huge weight of people dancing on them. A chesnut tree in Geneva, has a different public function started informally in 1808 by a private citizen; the “official chesnut” is used to decide when the spring has arrived; it is the task of the secretary general of the city’s State Council to report the appearance of the first leaf in this particular tree.

 Trees in Huntington Beach Central Park. Picture by Myriam Mahiques.

In the Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine of 2007, Dr. Amots Dafni published his very interesting research about the symbolisms and uses of trees in Middle East. What follows are the items I selected and adapted from his article.
In some villages of Galilee there are sacred trees which are called "Sajarat el Orsan (the groom's tree) or "Sagarat el Arus (The bride's tree). These names reflect the old custom of performing weddings under these trees to receive blessings from the saint to whom the tree is dedicated and, also, just because it was almost the only large available tree that gave considerable shade. Just before the ceremony at the groom's house he was brought to the sacred trees for final preparations (Zaffa). Mats were spread under the tree and food and sweets were offered to the guests. When people were asked why the ceremony was held under the tree some (Arabs) said that it was to get a blessing, while others (Bedouins) mentioned that the large solitary tree was a good place for gathering under as it offers much shade in the summer and is a good place for horse racing.
The rainmaking ceremony at the village of Kaukab Abu el Heija, in the Western Galilee, was so famous that people from other villages in the region used to take part and each delegation brought its special flags which were assigned for this specific purpose. In other villages rainmaking ceremonies and praying were carried out near sacred trees, they included special songs and prayers (which may have varied from village to village) and sometimes included the sprinkling of water. These ceremonies came to an end over the last three to five decades.
Sulkhas were conciliations between families, especially when serious quarrels or murder were involved. In the village of Arab a' Shibli (in the foothills of Mt Tabor) there is a special tree (Quercus ithabusresis) named Al Mizar (the visits) under which the local judges used to sit regularly until around 1950.


Deep in the ancient woods of Finland, Lea Turto covered tree stumps in red felt as a way to examine the spiritual meaning of the forest and her own deep rooted Finnish culture. From http://ullam.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c683453ef010536380b8f970c-800wi

It seems that the custom of tying rags onto sacred trees exists in almost every known human culture, going beyond the borders of religion, geography and time. Rag tying is largely distributed in the Moslem world, noted that clothes that are left on sacred trees are not just gifts in the ordinary sense; rather, they are channels connecting the worshipper with the object or person worshipped. In the Moslem world, rags, used clothes, yarn and threads are tied, in the shrines or tombs of holy figures (Wellis) and on objects around them such as sacred trees, the wire netting which covers the windows of saints' tombs and fences.
Hammering nails as well as hanging clothes are "tying" rituals, whereby the person seeks healing or a solution to problems by transferring his or her illness or problems to the tree, or to whatever object the clothes are hung on or nails hammered into. Such "tying" is one of the best known and commonest beliefs practiced throughout the world among Christians, as well as among Muslims and their predecessors in the Middle East. In several countries nails are hammered to a sacred tree to transfer the pain or illness into the tree (England, Germany, Kurdistan, and Turkey). In India the emetic nut tree (Strychnos nuxvomica) is considered the prison of all demons. Occasionally such trees can be seen with trunks full of nails as a precaution against demons. If a demon or bad spirit dares to attack a human, the exorcist forces it back into the tree with a nail. In Egypt, nails driven into tree trunks signify the prayers of the believers.
Stones are put in certain places when people died as a token of honour to the deceased (Ireland, Morocco, Israel). This custom is very common today in Europe as well as Israel. In the Muslim world it is common to put a stone on or under sacred tree "when a woman yearns for a child, when a peasant longs for rain, or when he yearns for the restoration to health or his horse or camel"
In Israel, people used to leave money under the tree as well as in saints' graves. Leaving money in graves is a very common custom in the Muslim world as charity for the needy. Money is left on trees when a wish is made as an offering to the supernatural being to ensure the fulfillment of the personal request and for wishes and good luck (Scotland, Ireland, Europe in general).
Judging under trees is known from Biblical times (Judges 3:5). It is reported that, even today, no Hindu or Buddhist shrine is completed without a sacred tree planted nearby. These large trees (pipal and banyan) have become natural assembly points for village meetings, community events, and the dispensing of justice. In central Europe, the most venerable oak in many towns and villages became a site of justice where the magistrate sat when he passed judgment, and those trees were preserved as "justice trees".

Decorating the tree is a habit we still have for Christmas. The Druze sometimes put pictures of their religious leaders on sacred trees as they used to do in their house of prayer (Hilwe) and other sacred places. When they declared a "new" tree as sacred on Mount Carmel they decorated it with such kinds of pictures. The reason given was "hanging pictures brings blessings".
In addition to the great fear of punishment due to harming or making sacrilegious utterances about the trees, there are many gestures which show the deep respect for the trees; these are performed while approaching or visiting the tree such as a ban on defecating or urinating near the tree, swearing, cleaning around the tree.

Caltrans District 7 Building in Los Angeles. The plaza is empty, except for my husband that sat for the occasion. Picture by Myriam Mahiques.

Another picture of Caltrans Building in Los Angeles. The corner and the trees in the sidewalk. You do not want to be walking around in summer... Picture by Myriam B. Mahiques

Given the importance of trees for humanity, with ethnic variations among the different social groups, architects and designers should take them into account as part of the overall design, not as simple “decorations”, but for their social role. Many buildings are designed with no interest to the space around them. Or in any case, a cosmetic approach is used to embellish the building, when landscape is not designed with the building as one single element; in consequence, negative spaces without use, except walking, appear as remaining land. This lack of consideration is also found in the work of great architects, maybe because they are mainly focused on the building as “object”. For example, my experience in the great building of Morphosis, the Headquaters of Caltrans district 7 in Los Angeles, was not ideal. Though the benches in the plaza at the front of the building match the general design, no one was staying there under the bright sun, people was gathering in the plaza across the street, where some occasional vendors offered fruit, vegetables and juice. Even Angelinos preferred to take with them small beach chairs to the park under the trees than to be sitting in the highly intellectualized benches. An this is not that there are no trees in Caltrans building, but they are surrounding it, just to apply for the City normative of planting trees. This kind of resolution is not new. In 1977, Christopher Alexander and co-writers, warned architects with these words:
“The trees that are being planted and transplanted in cities and suburbs today do not satisfy people’s craving for trees. They will never come to provide a sense of beauty and peace because they are being set down and built around without regard for the places they create.
The trees that people love create special social places: places to be in, and pass through, places you can dream about and places you can draw. Trees have the potential to create various kinds of social places: an umbrella –where a single, low- sprawling tree like an oak defines an outdoor room; a pair –where two trees form a gateway; a grove –where several trees cluster together; a square –where they enclose an open space; and an avenue –where a double rows of trees, their crowns touching, line a path or street. It is only when a tree’s potential to form places is realized that the real presence and meaning of the tree is felt.
The trees that are being set down nowadays have nothing of this character –they are in tubs in parking lots and along streets, in specially “landscaped areas” that you can see but cannot get to. They do not form places in any sense of the word –and so they mean nothing to people”. (Excerpt from p.799 A Pattern Language: towns, buildings, construction. By Christopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein)

Tree in the backyard of a house in Los Angeles. Some wind bells are hanging from its branches. It has been also surrounded by pots and a plaza bench was added to conform a contemplation space. Note that the flooring is different. Picture by Myriam Mahiques, 2007.

Tree in a backyard of a house in Orange County. The branches are the support of the children's swing. The surrounding planter is for the pots and an informal seat. Picture by Myriam Mahiques, 2007.

REFERENCES
Christopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein. A Pattern Language: towns, buildings, construction. Oxford University Press; Later printing edition (1977)
Brian Clifford. Trees, wood and people. January 1999
Trees and society. http://www.swissworld.org/en/environment/forests/trees_and_society/
Amots Dafni. Rituals, ceremonies and customs related to sacred trees with a special reference to the Middle East. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2007, 3:28doi:10.1186/1746-4269-3-28
Safe Creative #0911305030732

Sunday, November 22, 2009

Slums Clearances by Fire


Every year, mostly in summer, thousands of nice comfortable houses, complete neighborhoods, are burnt to the ground in California. Supposedly, all homeowners would have an insurance, relatives and friends somewhere in USA ready to help. The sadness and anguish is deep, but the victims are not abandoned. These are not the worst cases.
Overcrowding plus poverty is the best combination for fires. This is a longstanding problem that has not been resolved yet. Shack fires put young children and old and disabled people at particular risk, they result in the loss of identity documents, HIV medication and getting additional supplies is sometimes almost impossible. They also create acute stress for children, many of whom are tortured by recurring nightmares about the fires. (Imraan Buccus).
In 1912, Dr. Architect Werner Hegemann’s, who was a city Planner and a former houses inspector in Philadelphia, started a popular campaign for a more decentralizing system of housing and transportation and more playgrounds and forest reserves in greater Berlin, zoned for tenements. He covered the city with posters claiming that “600,000 inhabitants of Greater Berlin live in tenements at the rate of from 5 to 13 people per room”. As a result of his action, he was prosecuted by the Prussian police, for “inciting of class hatred”, an attitude punishable by law. In the following years, Hegemann was planning advisor for many cities in Western Europe, Middle East, also Sudamerica (including Buenos Aires and Rosario where he was invited in 1931). He declared that we only had to replace the word “slums” for “slaves” to have a condition –at least by that time- almost identical to that of the Civil War period when Lincoln suggested to indemnify the slaves holders; a similar proposition could be chosen to idemnify slums’ owners. But, “if compensation is impracticable, that impracticability ought not to be an obstacle to a clearly essentially reform”. (Alexander Hamilton, cited by Ruth Nanda Anshen).
Hegemann’s book “City Planning, Housing” denouncing the consequences of the incipient urban sprawl and poverty, was published in 1935. His analysis indicated that New York Region could hold twice the population of the globe if built up to the legal full extents of the New York Region Zoning Code; his comparison between Paris and London is clear about city’s congestion: Napoleon III-Haussmann’s urban operations, instead of taking London’s garden suburbs as an example, did not decentralize Paris, instead, they succeeded in concealing the overcrowding and misery by building new beatiful high facades along the avenues. For Napoleon III, slum clearance was a way to fight Socialism.

Le Corbusier: Plan Voisin in Paris. “Since 1922 (for the past 42 years) I have continued to work, in general and in detail, on the problem of Paris. Everything has been made public. The City Council has never contacted me. It calls me 'Barbarian'!" (Le Corbusier’s writings, p. 207)

Le Corbusier, re-elaborated this thought in his proposal of clearing completely the heart of Paris, 800 acres on the right bank of the Seine river. Each new tower would dwell 30,000 to 40,000 people, population that would be approximately 8 times more than the existing in the urban fabric of narrow streets and dark patios in the Post War period.
Clearance of slums has its even more Utopian point of view in Herbert G. Wells’ novel, “In The Days of the Comet” (1906). A comet smashes into the Earth and a green vapor is released putting everyone to sleep, until three hours later when the change in the atmosphere has dissipated. Then, the world awakens in an altered state. Humankind has a new socialist view on life and strives now to create a utopian order by righting the wrongs of the past. The war between Germany and Britain is immediately ceased. Soldiers can't even remember why they are lying on the ground with rifles next to them. Slums are being torn down to make way for safe and humane housing for the poor under-class. (From David Fletcher’s book review at AllReaders.com ).


“In the days of the comet”. Artistic interpretation by Alan Perry.

“It was inevitable that the old idea of purification should revive with the name, it was felt to be a burning of other than material encumbrances, innumerable quasi-spiritual things, deeds, documents, debts, vindictive records, went up in those great flares. People passed praying between the fires….Endless were the things we had to destroy in those great purgings. First, there were nearly all the houses and buildings of the old time. In the end we did not save in England one building in five thousand that was standing when the comet came. Year by year, as we made our homes afresh in accordance with the saner needs of our new social families, we swept away more and more of those horrible structures, the ancient residential houses, hastily built, without imagination, without beauty, without common honesty, without even comfort or convenience, in which the early twentieth century had sheltered until scarcely one remained; we saved nothing but what was beautiful or interesting out of all their gaunt and melancholy abundance. The actual houses, of course, we could not drag to our fires, but we brought all their ill-fitting deal doors, their dreadful window sashes, their servant-tormenting staircases, their dank, dark cupboards, the verminous papers from their scaly walls, their dust and dirt-sodden carpets, their ill-designed and yet pretentious tables and chairs, sideboards and chests of drawers, the old dirt-saturated books, their ornaments--their dirty, decayed, and altogether painful ornaments--amidst which I remember there were sometimes even STUFFED DEAD BIRDS!--we burnt them all. The paint-plastered woodwork, with coat above coat of nasty paint, that in particular blazed finely………. We burnt and destroyed most of our private buildings and all the woodwork, all our furniture, except a few score thousand pieces of distinct and intentional beauty, from which our present forms have developed, nearly all our hangings and carpets, and also we destroyed almost every scrap of old-world clothing. Only a few carefully disinfected types and vestiges of that remain now in our museums.” (Excerpt from “In the Days of the Comet”. Book III, Chapter III).
Though in 1906 it must have seen as a fantasy novel, the years of the World Wars showed that the big scale devastation of slums and public historical buildings was a reality. After the wars, the construction of 2,500,000 modern apartments were not enough and most people were compelled to remain in the old obsolete tenements that were not destroyed, or they had to live in shanty towns.


By 1935, some cities began to awaken to the public conscience of the cruelty in some methods of slums clearance. The Chairman of the New York Housing authority, Langdon W. Post, declared on the radio that 81 men, women and children were burnt to death in tenement houses/slums fires. They were living in fire traps.
If New York’s slums fires had been systematically started, the conflagration would have been much greater than the one in emperor Nero’s Rome, considering more than a million and a half people lived in houses unfit for human habitation in New York Region. (W. Hegemann, 1935).
Nowadays, slums fires are still an omnipresent trap. In Mike Davis’ words, the mixture of inflammable dwellings, extraordinary density, and dependance upon open fires for heat and cooking is a superlative recipe for spontaneous combustion. A simple accident with cooking gas or kerosene can quickly become a mega fire that destroys thousands of dwellings.


Slums fires are not always caused by accident. Davis explains that rather than afford the expenses of courts procedures or endure a long wait for an official demolition order, landlords and developers frequently prefer to start a fire on purpose. Manila has a notorious reputation for suspicious slum fires; there were eight major burnings between February and April 1993 (Jeremy Seabrook, cited by Davis). Erhard Berner recalls the method of “hot demolition”, as the Filipino landlords’ favourite one: a kerosene drenched burning live rat or cat –not dogs, they die too fast- is pushed into the annoying settlement; a fire started this way is very hard to fight as the unlucky animal can set plenty of shanties aflame before it dies.
In August 2009, a fact-finding team that was formed to investigate accidental slum fires in Chennai (India), said these slum fires, which claimed five lives and destroyed over 400 huts, could be politically motivated. The 12-member fact-finding group, comprising journalists, human rights activists, lawyers and doctors, added there’s more than meets the eye with these accidental fires, which occurred in Shenoy Nagar, Nandambakkam, Vyasarpadi, Perambur and JJ Nagar in the last months. What is surprising is that in all these slums where the fire accidents happened, the slum dwellers were being forced by the government to vacate the place. This eviction proposal was for various developmental projects. The team demands a No Displacement Ordinance to raise financial relief to people, and also a Rehabilitation Bill to resettle slum dwellers in a new location (From Express News Service. Fire in slums politically motivated?. Published August 8th 2009). The healing news, Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services and the Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Women Limited, have jointly introduced a scheme to train the women under the various Women Self Help Groups, in the area of Fire Prevention and Propagation of the messages of safe-fire-practices. They constitute a ready target group of women who can easily understand the messages on Fire Safety and Safe Fire Practices.
Life in slums has been very well documented in the movie “Slumdog Millionaire”; but Destiny wanted even more awareness of these terrible procedures and accidents. The movie’s child stars Azharuddin Ismail and Rubina Ali narrowly escaped a massive fire that destroyed a section of their Mumbai slum. More than 200 slum homes were gutted and 15 people injured in the blaze. According to the residents, gas canisters used for home cooking exploded every few minutes in the intense heat, helping the fire spread and hampering rescue efforts. (From Slumdog Millionaire kids escape slum fire. At Indian Express.com June 19th, 2009)
The news about this event spread around the world. Maybe it helps in the understanding that before planning the destruction of massive urban agglomerations, authorities and developers should undertake serious larger scale house planning operations that liberate people from these fire traps.

Slum fire .From Washingtonpost.com

REFERENCES
Hegemann, Werner. City Planning, Housing. USA, 1937
Davis, Mike. Planet of Slums. USA. 2006
Slum fire in Kenya
Fire in slum India
Express Buzz
Tamilnadu Corporation for Development of Women Limited. (TNCDW, Chennai).
Buccus, Inraan. Slums built on the ashes of the Apartheid.
Safe Creative #0911234952143

Sunday, November 15, 2009

Breves Conceptos Sobre Arquitectura y Cultura


La arquitectura existe en la relación entre la construcción, el pensamiento, y el habitar. Por ende, se produce un diálogo entre la cultura y el edificio.
¨Por definición es arquitectura todo lo que concierne a la construcción y es con las técnicas de la construcción que se instituye y organiza en su ser y en su devenir, esa entidad social y política que es la ciudad. La arquitectura no sólo le da cuerpo y estructura sino que la vuelve significante con el simbolismo implícito en sus formas; así como la pintura es figurativa, la arquitectura es representativa por excelencia. En la ciudad todos los edificios, sin excluir a ninguno, son representativos y con frecuencia representan las malformaciones, las contradicciones, las vergüenzas de la comunidad¨. (Giulio C. Argan, 1980)
Los asentamientos y lugares se definen culturalmente, los grupos de usuarios son parte de una función de la cultura; el cómo del comportamiento y las estructuras sociales es altamente variable y puede ser visto como una expresión de la cultura. Nadie puede “ver” la cultura, sólo sus efectos, significados, expresiones, o productos: “Si los términos teóricos son sólo modos abreviados de aludir a hechos observables, entonces ellos podrían ser eliminados del lenguaje de la ciencia sin pérdida alguna. Pero no es así. Los términos teóricos tienen un contenido inobservable, y sin embargo, no por eso carente de sentido”. (J. Samaja, 1993)

A la tendencia generalizada de realizar inferencias de una entidad inobservable que nace en la mente (la cultura) a través de la pregunta ¿Qué hacen ellos?, el arquitecto antropólogo Amos Rapoport ha agregado la pregunta ¿Qué son ellos? y consecuentemente, ¿Cómo hacen ellos?
En este sentido amplio, la cultura:
Permite mantener la identidad de los grupos.
Actúa como mecanismo de control , llevando información al comportamiento y a los artefactos que serán creados.
Metafóricamente es el ADN, un diseño para lo viviente.
Actúa como estructura que da significado a lo particular.
Queda asumido entonces, que la cultura y el ambiente diseñado son unidades no equivalentes en escala, y la cultura es un vasto dominio donde la forma construída es una pequeña parte de ella y se subsume a ella.
Como no es posible relacionar cultura y ambiente en este nivel de generalidad y abstracción, tampoco es posible restringir los conceptos y considerar la posibilidad de “diseñar edificios para una cultura particular”. Esta transición Rapoport la encuentra en el término “lifestyle” (estilo de vida), como el resultado de elecciones acerca de cómo distribuir los recursos.
El estilo de vida implica los sistemas de actividades que realizan los grupos, que a su vez tendrán sus criterios según su edad, sexo, raza, religión, profesión, ideología, historia, influenciados por la información y el marketing.
El concepto de sistemas de actividades es por lo tanto más concreto y los diseñadores-investigadores estamos familiarizados con él y se puede utilizar en los análisis urbanos, siempre recordando los niveles por los que pasamos hasta llegar a él.
Se trata finalmente, de dar una clara idea de la relación entre los edificios y el hombre, como oposición a las posturas donde se define al objeto arquitectónico como producto del arquitecto poseedor de un rol autocrático, erigiéndose en genio creador. En el campo del Diseño, en su aspecto artístico, es imposible evitar el subjetivismo y una cierta cuota de narcisismo. Ernesto Sábato, a propósito del arte, en su libro “Abaddon el Exterminador”, escribe lo siguiente: “Objetivismo en el arte! Si la ciencia puede y debe prescindir del yo, el arte no puede hacerlo, y es inútil que se lo proponga como un deber. Esa “impotencia” es precisamente su virtud...... Esas misteriosas grutas que habitan las criaturas de Leonardo, esas azulinas y enigmáticas dolomitas que entrevemos, como en un fondo submarino, detrás de sus ambiguos rostros, qué son sino la expresión del espíritu de Leonardo?”. (E. Sabato, 1974)


Una visión más global es la que desarrolla Amos Rapoport, en su libro “House, Form and Culture”, ya que interpreta a la arquitectura desde la antropología y la etnografía, de manera constructiva, a partir de la forma y concepciones de espacio activo e inactivo, en paralelo con la evolución humana y cultural. La investigación se sigue desarrollando mediante una red mundial multidisciplinaria.
Rapoport encuentra tres componentes en los estudios de comportamiento ambientales:
Asentamientos y lugares (concreción de la cultura)
Grupos de usuarios (función de la cultura)
Fenómenos de comportamiento social (expresión de la cultura)
....¨la idea que tenemos de la ciudad y que no se ha modificado por el momento, es la de un acumulo cultural que da al núcleo la capacidad de organizar una zona más o menos extensa de territorio. Sin estos puntos de concentración e irradiación cultural no es concebible, en la actualidad, ninguna forma de organización del ambiente¨. (G. C. Argan, 1980)

LECTURAS PROPUESTAS
Giulio Carlo Argan. Arquitectura y Cultura. 1980
Safe Creative #0911164887676

Thursday, November 12, 2009

Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Cosmovisión


Ex voto or retablo. El agradecimiento de un señor a la Virgen de Guadalupe que recupera el habla al ver ¨una nave con un ser extraterrestre que salía de ella¨. Una humilde expresión artística de un suceso en la vida del señor Gutiérrez. Imagen bajada de Internet.
La relación entre urbanismo, arquitectura, objetos y el misticismo, nos remite indirectamente a la teoría o más bien posición filosófica de Geoffrey Chew acerca del ¨bootstrap¨ donde la naturaleza no puede ser reducida a entidades fundamentales, sino que se entiende plenamente a través de la autoconsistencia de sus elementos: no hay una entidad o ley fundamental, sino que el universo se ve como una red dinámica de sucesos interrelacionados, la consistencia global de sus interrelaciones determina la estructura total de la red. Estos conceptos están emparentados con el pensamiento oriental, en franca oposición al occidental. Las filosofías orientales como el Hinduísmo, Budismo, Taoísmo, Zen, practicadas por el propio Chew y otros físicos y pensadores occidentales, contribuyeron a que estos científicos percibieran el mundo físico de otra manera y tuvieran una nueva visión de la realidad arraigada en el territorio y en total armonía con las tradiciones espirituales. La ciencia occidental tradicional, fundada en preguntas formuladas con toda claridad y verificadas experimentalmente, no aceptó la ambigüedad de la teoría de Chew y no le asignó, por ende, el carácter de ciencia al enfoque ¨boostrap¨. Sin embargo, mi mención al respecto, es para enfatizar la contribución del pensamiento oriental en la idea de un nuevo paradigma, donde el conocimiento es una red sin cimientos firmes, más aproximado a la realidad, donde el hombre vive en relación con el misticismo y sus creencias religiosas que suelen manifestarse en humildes ofrendas a seres del más allá. En morfología urbana, por ejemplo, los estudios antropológicos de los 70´s, enfocados hacia la teoría del ¨Lugar Central¨, postulada por el geógrafo alemán Walter Christaller, ya han sido reemplazados por las teorías actuales que pugnan por una explicación de morfologías fractales que abarcan incluso formas domésticas de menor escala, especialmente en los asentamientos de viviendas de los súbditos en las ciudades mesoamericanas. Las tendencias actuales han sido las de enlazar el conjunto de las ciudades, o sus partes constitutivas, con los elementos de una ¨cosmovisión¨, cosmología o cosmogonía, documentada a través de escritos e imágenes etnohistóricos. Al día de hoy resulta imprescindible contar con investigaciones adicionales que contribuyan a esclarecer las morfologías de las ciudades habitadas por indígenas o sus descendientes, así como sus relaciones con el entorno físico, -desde el medioambiente construído a los objetos de su veneración y uso diario- incluyendo los mitos de creación.


Retablo de 2008. Una mujer en una ceremonia fúnebre y la aparición de la Virgen y aparentemente el difunto. Imagen bajada de Internet.
No podemos completar nuestro conocimiento de las prácticas sociales y la consecuente morfología urbana sólo desde modelos matemáticos prestados de la física, sin tener en cuenta que el espacio representacional derivado de la historia y la espiritualidad, es animado por los gestos y acciones de aquéllos que lo habitan. Estos espacios representacionales pueden ser analizados desde modelos matemáticos que se combinen con otras disciplinas como la historia, sociología, antropología, entre otras.
En cierta forma, esta última consecuencia histórico-cultural nos retrotrae al cuento Kafkiano ¨En la colonia penal¨, donde el significado de la sentencia no era comprendido por el reo hasta que las palabras penetraban literalmente con agujas en su piel, y se iban aclarando en su mente. Una persona ajena al proceso, no podía leer las palabras embellecidas con manierismos varios, por ende, no era parte de su saber de la sentencia, así como nosotros no somos parte del saber de los significados internos y personales de los distintos imaginarios. Pero podemos hacer el intento de serlo.
Safe Creative #0911134873685

Sunday, November 8, 2009

Manifestations of Socio-Cultural Identity


An American typical house of an Asian homeowner. See the details in the landscape, the mail box, the door. Picture by Myriam Mahiques
The concept of identity has many different meanings and participates in a variety of contexts. Culture is one of the aspects to determine personal identity. All personal identities are rooted in collective contexts culturally determined. There cannot be personal identities without the corresponding collective identities and viceversa.

Culture identity refers to the habits, practices, languages, religion, ethical-aesthetical- moral values shared by social groups regarding their nationality, ethnicity, region or common interests. Cultural identity is an important contributor for the sense of self, relation to others - access to social networks- and people’s wellbeing. It is important for people to feel belongingness to a social or ethnic group, that is greater than themselves. The American psychologist Abraham Harold Maslow (1908 –1970) who conceptualized the hierarchies of human needs, suggested that the feeling to belong was a major source for human motivation along with physiological, safety, self steem and self actualization needs.

Religious manifestations in the living room. Picture by Myriam Mahiques

Religious manifestations in the dining room. Picture by Myriam Mahiques
Cultural identity may be clearer for some groups than to others who may also identify with more than one culture. Many Americans, though being born in America, still identify themselves as Irish, German, Chinese, Mexicans, etc. A degree of variations of cultural identities can coexist and are not mutually exclusive. One cannot escape from nationality and genre, but there is not a problem in being a fan of some sports club. An important variation is found in immigrants who have not yet returned to live in their native countries, if they go back, they may notice that they are no longer the same cultural person because they have been influenced by the other culture.
Stuart Hall identifies two ways of reflecting cultural identity: Identity understood as a collective, shared history among individuals affiliated by race or ethnicity that is considered to be fixed or stable; identity understood as unstable, metamorphic and even contradictory –an identity marked by multiple points of similarity as well as differences. (Stuart Hall. Cultural Identity and Diaspora).
The second classification leads us to the formulation of cultural pluralism, that can be traced to the writings of the Jewish phylosopher Horace Kallen. In 1915, Kallen attacked the idea that it was necessary for ethnic groups to give up their distinctive cultures or lose their distinctiveness in order to be completely American. He argued in favour of an ideology of cultural pluralism based on the belief that the members of every American ethnic group should be free to participate in all of the society’s major institutions, while simultaneously retaining their own ethnic heritage. (Mc Lemore, Romo, Baker. P.30)
The psychologist Henri Tajfel and his student John Turner developed the theory of social identity. They proposed that people have an inbuilt tendency to categorize themselves into one or more ingroups, building a part of their identity on the basis of membership of that group and enforcing boundaries with other groups (Wikipedia.org). The group helps us to identify and valuate ourselves. Tajfel stated that social identity has a psychological basis of intergroup discrimination; it is composed of four elements: categorization, identification, comparison and psychological distinctiveness. The process of identification by opposition to others has always existed in history, for instance, Greeks divided the world between Greeks and Barbarians; the Nahuans in Central America felt more refined compared to their native neighbors; they considered the Otomies as silly, lazy, and the Huaxtecas as drunk and inmoral. (J. Larrain).


This building is in Chinatown, Los Angeles. See carefully to the left side of the fascia above the 2nd story. A fake "Chinese" roof shape finish has been added to assimilate the American construction to a Chinese one. Picture by Myriam Mahiques, 2005.
Many immigrant groups have been cohesive and split over generations. It makes very difficult for the last generations to be sure about their culture and identity, because also race is not fixed by nature but is socially constructed. Mc Lemore, Romo and Baker (p. 452) cite an astonishing example of a court case, Ozawa versus United States (1922). The Supreme Court ruled that Ozawa could not become a U.S. citizen because he was not White. The Court conceded that skin color alone could not be the determining criterion because many “non-White” people have skins of a lighter color than many “White”. But, based on the naturalization law of 1790, “White” was equivalent to ”Caucasian”. Ozawa argued that in 1790, the “White” term was applied to whoever was not African or Indian. Ozawa was not White, not Caucasian, therefore he could not become an American citizen. In 1930, the “Mexican race” was defined as a residual category of persons who were not White, Black, Indian, Chinese or Japanese. The emotional negative reaction triggered by these experiences of lack of respect are the motivation in the fight for recognition.
The impact of globalization has been associated with the destruction of socio-cultural identities, but people has found some ways to express the group’s identity in simple domestic manifestations. A door, a statue in the front yard, décor arrangements, clothes, symbolic adapted elements showing that dynamic identity processes are always recontextualizing, everywhere, in any country.

Middle East decor style in an American house. Picture by Myriam Mahiques
FURTHER READINGS.
Larrain, Jorge. Cap. 1 El concepto de identidad (pp. 21-48). En Identidad Chilena. Ed. Lom, 2001
Mc Lemore, S. Dale; Romo Harriett D.; Gonzalez Baker, Susan. Racial and Ethnic Relations in America. MA, U.S.A., 2000

Saturday, November 7, 2009

Food, Art and Architecture

Arcimboldo's painting. http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/blogfiles/pimayasevilla/arcimboldo.jpg

Although the primary function of food is nutrition and taste satisfaction through its flavors, it also has a cultural anthropological dimension, by which people choose what to eat based on their ethnicity, history, religion, social status. The representation of meals and eating has a long history in Arts. Interest in food Anthropological studies began in SXIX with Garrick Mallery and William Robertson Smith. Mallery’s ¨Manners and Food”, was published in 1888 in Volume 1, No 3, American Anthropologist, while Smith’s, ¨Lectures on the Religion of the Semites¨ in 1889, contains an important chapter on food. These writings have recreated the symbolic and social construction through food, prompting a debate between historical materialism and structuralism with its symbolic explanations about human behavior and rituals.

In SXIX, meals were governed by three units. The unit of place: food as an organizer of a dining space that has become a fixed entity, very different in function to the kitchen, bedrooms and reception rooms. The unit of time: meals were subject to regular schedules. The unity of action: reflected in the style of service.

Screen shot from The Cook, the thief, his wife and her lover. Movie by Peter Greenaway, 1989. Internet download.

From the French Revolution until the Second World War, family life was guided by a specific code of conduct, where food and people had their roles defined and separated. However, over the years, new conditionings for living and eating have led to the culinary art as art in its own right, sometimes in paintings, others, in bizarre representations of architectural works, also in the making of edible compositions of all kinds.

Edible architecture. Downloaded from the webecoist.com

The space of dining room is a consequence of eating necessity. This connection between architecture and food sometimes is so literal that food becomes part of the materialization of the dwelling. Let us see some examples.


Whale bone houses. From ."The symbolic dimensions of whale bone use in Thule winter dwellings"


Artic primitive dwellings like the Thule’s whale bone houses were constructed with cosmological principles that formed interactions between inhabitants, like household rituals. They were considered as a microcosm of the universe of the human body, including food. The Thule arrived at the central and eastern Arctic approximately AD 1100-1200; they are the immediate ancestor of Inuit groups. Whales, were part of their nutrition; the whales’ bones, were used as semi-subterranean structures in combination with wood, for the construction of houses with spatial symbolic patterns related to whales’ mythology, where main rooms represented the body of the whale. The Architectural Utility Index proposed by archaeologists include ranks of whale bone according to its potential utility as a construction material up to meat utility.


In coastal and highland Peru, the totora (Schoenoplectus Californicus) has played a valuable cultural role for the Suros indians. It is used to build clothing, boats, houses, mats, pots, containers, strings, fertilizer, and food.

Ming Tang’s good-looking origami stimulated fold Bamboo Houses are planned  to be used as provisional shelter in result of an earthquake.
http://trendsupdates.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/bamboo-house-1.jpg

Bamboo, is a woody perennial evergreen plant in the grass family of Poaceae. It has a rich history in Asian cultures as a structural material for construction, but also for food and medicinal uses. Most food choices center on the shoots of the bamboo, which are tender vegetables. Once it hardens, the bamboo is practically inedible. But shoots are used in different recipes, such as bamboo candy, beer, chutney and even soup. (P. Fitzgerald). Bamboo and its related industries already provide income, food and housing for billions of people worldwide. Flexible and lightweight bamboo proved to be an essential structural material to support earthquakes. It is also an aesthetic, wind break, acoustical, landscape design element.

Chipaya's dwellings, Bolivia. www.amnh.org/.../web/bolivia/bolivia.xml.es.html

The round Chipaya dwellings in the South-west of Bolivia are built with bricks directly cut from the saline lands. Survival in these salt flatlands is a continous challenge for the quinoa growers, who must regularly flood their crops to dilute the salt from the soil. Salt is the house component.


Chocolate dessert as an abstract of the Robie House (Frank Lloyd Wright). Dessert picture from http://michaellaiskonis.typepad.com/main/2008/02/on-food-and-arc.html
House image from forodestierro.forogratis.es

If this relationship architecture-food-art is reversed, food becomes an object of art thanks to the contributions of “Starchefs”. These artistic meals carry a metaphorical surplus value reaching a high level of intellectualization where literature, digital painting, sculpture, architecture and food are conjoined. A good example is the chef Seiji Yamamoto from the Japanese Restaurant Ryungin, Tokyo, who has patented the use of a silk printer with squid ink to make creative prints on or around food. With his ephemeral art, soup can then be covered with an abstract barcode, a dish can be covered with a description of the menu or advertisement of the restaurant, in typographic newspaper’s pattern, which is in turn the sauce of the meal; a Japanese vegetable roll can emulate a cork, and so on, the list of culinary creativity is endless. ...

Edible garden. Jardín comestible. Por Chef Montse Estruch. Starchefs.com
Menu with dish covered by squid ink print. http://starchefs.com/features/plating/vol6/images/seiji-yamamoto.jpg
Barcode by Seiji Yamamoto.http://www.chow.com/assets/2007/01/silkscreen_lginline.jpg

FURTHER READINGS.


Seiji Yamamoto nos presenta su impresora con tinta de calamar en Madrid Fusión. Enero 18, 2007
http://www.directoalpaladar.com/eventos/seiji-yamamoto-nos-presenta-su-impresora-con-tinta-de-calamar-en-madrid-fusion
A. Katherine Patton et James M. Savelle
Études/Inuit/Studies, vol. 30, n° 2, 2006, p. 137-161."The symbolic dimensions of whale bone use in Thule winter dwellings"
http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/017569ar
Fitzgerald, Paul. Bamboo as food and medicine.
http://ezinearticles.com/?Bamboo-As-Food-and-Medicine&id=1550644
http://kauai.net/bambooweb/whybamboo.html

LinkWithin

Related Posts with Thumbnails