Arch. Myriam B. Mahiques Curriculum Vitae

Saturday, August 18, 2012

La ciudad como espacio de combate

Contraste entre la villa La cava y el barrio vecino en San Isidro, 2003. La Nación.com

Estuve leyendo el artículo de Raquel San Martín para La Nación, donde explica la posición teórica de la socióloga holandesa Saskia Sassen con respecto a la ciudad de hoy, vista como un espacio de enfrentamiento de grupos. Muy interesante;  compartiré una parte del mismo, ya que a los que conocemos bien cómo son las formas de convivencia en las grandes ciudades, y el miedo que a veces nos trastorna, nos toca de cerca.

¨Probablemente en la Biblia esté la mejor síntesis de las ideas que rondan la experiencia urbana desde hace siglos: allí están Sodoma y Gomorra, narradas en el Génesis como símbolos de corrupción y decadencia, pero también la Ciudad Santa, esa Jerusalén que en el Apocalipsis es la representación utópica del paraíso recobrado. El prolífico imaginario filosófico y literario sobre la ciudad descansa, en efecto, en una contradicción. La ciudad pensada y narrada es a la vez el lugar del progreso, la modernización, la aventura, donde los destinos se tuercen y los sueños se alcanzan, pero también el espacio del pecado, el miedo, el esnobismo y las apariencias, la soledad del individuo anónimo frente a la multitud, el escenario de la pobreza y la decadencia social.
 ¿En qué lugar ubicar la "imaginación sociológica" de Saskia Sassen, una de las intelectuales más influyentes de las últimas décadas para pensar la ciudad en la globalización, que se define como "contraintuitiva", más cómoda analizando las fronteras y los márgenes que los centros transitados por las teorías mainstream ? Para Sassen, la ciudad no es, parece claro, ese "libro de piedra" que Victor Hugo se proponía leer; ni está en la poesía de las multitudes anónimas que describía Charles Baudelaire; ni en la geografía personal proyectada en la Dublín de James Joyce. La ciudad que mira se parece a la que vio Georg Simmel, tan alarmado por la desconfianza, el "espíritu calculador" y la indiferencia que motivaba la vida urbana como satisfecho por la libertad que ese ambiente prometía, y también a la que estudió la Escuela de Chicago, que vio en la ciudad el laboratorio social donde observar y resolver la integración de una sociedad que se volvía más y más compleja y desigual.
 Un siglo más tarde, como a Simmel y a los sociólogos de Chicago, a Saskia Sassen le preocupa el alma de las grandes ciudades, a las que ve crecientemente "desurbanizadas". Aunque crezcan en densidad poblacional y alumbren nuevos barrios y construcciones cada vez más vanguardistas, aunque elaboren "marcas" que las posicionan en el mercado de los festivales y la industria de la cultura y el turismo, las ciudades, piensa Sassen, están perdiendo su urbanidad, su carácter de espacio para la vida en común.
"La ciudad es un sistema complejo pero incompleto", define en diálogo con adn cultura, y describe cómo, a fuerza de guerras que ahora se combaten en las ciudades, de enfrentamientos que grupos armados del narcotráfico escenifican en terreno urbano, de la violencia del delito generada por décadas de injusticias sociales y económicas, de las fronteras invisibles que instalan las desigualdades, la ciudad está perdiendo la flexibilidad que le aseguró sobrevivir a siglos, gobiernos, organizaciones políticas y cambios sociales sin perder su identidad como espacio para la convivencia urbana.
"La ciudad es hoy un espacio de combate abierto", continúa. Al cerrarse a fuerza de impersonales distritos de oficinas de vanguardia, al completarse trazando espacios privados hiperseguros y zonas empobrecidas donde sus habitantes viven igualmente encerrados, al perder, en fin, parte de su alma común, la ciudad deja de ser capaz de integrar la novedad y la diferencia.
 Sassen pasó cinco días en Buenos Aires, a comienzos de este mes, junto con su marido, el sociólogo Richard Sennett, invitados por la Universidad Nacional de San Martín (Unsam), con la agenda de dos rockstars pero la humildad de quienes no han cambiado la curiosidad intelectual por la impostura. En menos de una semana, pronunciaron dos conferencias cada uno y una en conjunto -todas a sala llena y casi todas con transmisión simultánea por Internet-, dieron entrevistas y se reunieron con distintos grupos de investigadores locales.
La ciudad, plantea Sassen, no es indiferente a su desurbanización. "¿La ciudad tiene un discurso, un poder de habla? Yo digo que sí. La ciudad lo tiene, pero hemos olvidado ese lenguaje, no lo vemos más, no lo entendemos. Hay muchas tendencias que van eliminando la capacidad de la ciudad de tener su voz. Pero hoy, todavía, la ciudad habla. Lo hace, por ejemplo, cuando los desarrolladores inmobiliarios construyen una plaza pública para compensar un edificio más alto, y ese espacio nunca funciona como plaza, está muerto. O cuando el tránsito de la hora pico en el centro paraliza un auto potente, hecho para grandes velocidades, y no le permite usar ninguna de esas capacidades. O en las maneras que hemos aprendido para saber cómo transitar caminando por el centro de la ciudad en esas horas pico. Eso es discurso. Cuando la ciudad no permite cosas, es la ciudad la que habla. En lo urbano hay una capacidad que le permite actuar."

SIGA LEYENDO:

Friday, August 17, 2012

City solutions and two examples from Seoul, South Korea


Photograph by Leon Chew Affluent City Seoul, South Korea Seoul's electrifying growth, from impoverished war-torn capital in the 1950s to economic powerhouse, has turned its cityscape into a dense grid of housing and office towers. Its transformation proves that rapid growth can bring rapid wealth.


Photograph by Greg Girard Seoul, South Korea Older housing, meaning anything built before 1980, is slated to be demolished in Seoul's Geumho neighborhood, making room for more apartment towers.

I'm posting this pictures from
to let us think about the beauty of the first photograph but the reality of urban life that it suggests.
Here, I'm sharing an excerpt from the article by Robert Kunzig, " The City Solution":

The tide of urbanization must be stopped,*Ebenezer) Howard argued, by drawing people away from the cancerous metropolises into new, self-contained "garden cities." The residents of these happy little islands would feel the "joyous union" of town and country. They'd live in nice houses and gardens at the center, walk to work in factories at the rim, and be fed by farms in an outer greenbelt—which would also stop the town from expanding into the country. When one town filled to its greenbelt—32,000 people was the right number, Howard thought—it would be time to build the next one. In 1907, welcoming 500 Esperantists to Letchworth, the first garden city, Howard boldly predicted (in Esperanto) that both the new language and his new utopias would soon spread around the world. He was right about the human desire for more living space but wrong about the future of cities: It's the tide of urbanization that has spread around the world. In the developed countries and Latin America it has nearly crested; more than 70 percent of people there live in urban areas. In much of Asia and Africa people are still surging into cities, in numbers swollen by the population boom. Most urbanites live in cities of less than half a million, but big cities have gotten bigger and more common. In the 19th century London was the only city of more than five million; now there are 54, most of them in Asia. 
 And here's one more change since then: Urbanization is now good news. Expert opinion has shifted profoundly in the past decade or two. Though slums as appalling as Victorian London's are now widespread, and the Victorian fear of cities lives on, cancer no longer seems the right metaphor. On the contrary: With Earth's population headed toward nine or ten billion, dense cities are looking more like a cure—the best hope for lifting people out of poverty without wrecking the planet. One evening last March, Harvard economist Edward Glaeser appeared at the London School of Economics to promote this point of view, along with his new book, Triumph of the City. Glaeser, who grew up in New York City and talks extremely fast, came heavily armed with anecdotes and data. "There's no such thing as a poor urbanized country; there's no such thing as a rich rural country," he said. 
A cloud of country names, each plotted by GDP and urbanization rate, flashed on the screen behind him. Mahatma Gandhi was wrong, Glaeser declared—India's future is not in its villages, it's in Bangalore. Images of Dharavi, Mumbai's large slum, and of Rio de Janeiro's favelas flashed by; to Glaeser, they were examples of urban vitality, not blight. Poor people flock to cities because that's where the money is, he said, and cities produce more because "the absence of space between people" reduces the cost of transporting goods, people, and ideas. Historically, cities were built on rivers or natural harbors to ease the flow of goods. But these days, since shipping costs have declined and service industries have risen, what counts most is the flow of ideas.

Thursday, August 16, 2012

Introduction to controlled vocabularies. Terminology for Art, Architecture and other Cultural Works


FOREWORD.
The Getty Vocabulary Program has devoted almost three decades to building thesauri that can be used as knowledge bases, cataloging and documentation tools, and online search assistants. In addition to building tools for use by art and cultural heritage professionals and the general public, we also provide training opportunities and educational materials on how to build and implement controlled vocabularies. Part of our mission as an institution devoted to research and education is to share our knowledge and expertise with the international art and cultural heritage communities in their broadest sense. Elisa Lanzi's Introduction to Vocabularies, which appeared in print in 1998 and was updated in an online version in 2000, offers a general overview of vocabularies for art and material culture.Introduction to Controlled Vocabularies is a much more detailed "how-to" guide to building controlled vocabulary tools, cataloging and indexing cultural materials with terms and names from controlled vocabularies, and using vocabularies in search engines and databases to enhance discovery and retrieval in the online environment. "How forceful are right words!" is written in Job 6:25. The King James Version of the Bible uses the word forcible, meaning "forceful" or "powerful," instead. In the online environment, words have the power to lead users to the information resources that they seek. But we should not force users to know what we consider to be the "right" word or name in order for them to be able to obtain the best search results. We recognize that a single concept can be expressed by more than one word, and that a single word can express more than one concept. Words can change over time and take a variety of forms, and they can be translated into many languages. A carefully constructed controlled vocabulary provides catalogers and others who create descriptive metadata with the "right" or "preferred" name or term to use in describing collections and other resources, but it also clusters together all of the synonyms, orthographic and grammatical variations, historical forms, and even in some cases "wrong" names or terms in order to enhance access for a broad range of users without constraining them to the use of the "right" term. With millions of searches being conducted by millions of users each day via Web search engines and in proprietary databases, the power of words is a crucial factor in providing access to the wealth of information resources now available in electronic form. We hope that this book will provide organizations and individuals who wish to enhance access to their collections and other online resources with a practical tool for creating and implementing vocabularies as reference tools, sources of documentation, and powerful enhancements for online searching.
 Murtha Baca, Getty Research Institute

 Electronic edition, read the book in full:

Monday, August 13, 2012

Selection of pictures from Guardian.co.UK


January's theme: the future. Photographer Andrew Kerr: 'Already Birmingham's most iconic building, the Selfridges building at Birmingham's Bullring is a photographer's dream.'


February's theme: budget travel. Photographer David Meredith: 'This is of the Grand Hotel Scarborough. We got a coach trip from Leamington Spa to York, where we visited the minster and railway museum. We then stayed overnight at the hotel with evening meal and breakfast. The next day we had a few hours to explore Scarborough, then on to Whitby and back home, all for the princely sum of £39.95 each. Great value and great fun.'



June's theme: city life. Photographer Martin Higgs: 'A peaceful summer's evening reflected in the fountains of Le Louvre. After a hectic Parisian day, couples chat and relax by the famous pyramids.'



September's theme: the four elements Photographer Alek Lindus: 'Samos, Greece. It was the colour of the aftermath of fire I was after here. There has been so much destruction of the island by it and yet it has a type of beauty, too.'



October's theme: I am a travel photographer. Photographer Barrington Russell: Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. 'An Indian wife departs for the bazaar through the decaying labyrinth of Jodhpur, India; taking care to avoid the puddles and streams of rubbish and effluence. Working men can be seen behind sacks of clay and sand, resting from their efforts to renovate the streets.'



Theme: summer. 'Having a quiet snooze in Southwold, Suffolk.' Dan Chung's first choice: 'This is my favourite photograph because David Meredith has captured a very British moment perfectly. I love the way you can tell just how relaxed the suited man is, even though he is actually quite small in the frame. The picture has a timeless air about it; to me it looks like it could just as easily have been taken in the 1950s. David has cpatured the vivid colours and got the composition spot on - he makes me want to go and rent a chalet in Southwold.'

Enjoy more pictures:

Sunday, August 12, 2012

Flooding and devastation because of informal urban settlements in Manila


I'm sharing today this picture and some paragraphs from the article by Nate Berg, it's very important to know the consequences of informal urban sprawl, it's not just a matter  of urban morphology. And let us not forget what happened with the settlement of hillside houses in Haiti's earthquake.

Unchecked development and rapidly growing informal settlements in metropolitan Manila have exacerbated the devastation of the recent flooding in the Philippines, according to a UN official. 
 Speaking with The Philippine Star, Margareta Wahlström, chief of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, notes that the growing numbers of people living on unsuitable land in Manila put them directly in the path of the massive but not unexpected flooding that happens during the summer monsoon season. "As the urban sprawl of rapid urbanization expands outwards and upwards, it provides ready opportunities for hazards such as floods, storms and earthquakes to wreak havoc," Wahlström said. "Urban floods will represent the lion's share of total flood impact because of infrastructure, institutions and processes that are not yet up to the task ahead." This report from CNN says that 60 people have died, 3,100 homes have been damaged, and more than 2.4 million people in 144 municipalities have been impacted by the heavy rains falling over the past five days. 
The UN says that millions of slum dwellers were among those in metro Manila forced to evacuate their homes, though no clear numbers are available. Floodplains and vulnerable lands are commonly used as informal settlements. It's unclear how many slum dwellers currently live in metro Manila, but this 2003 report from UN-Habitat estimated the population at 2.5 million. That's about 20 percent of the metro area's roughly 12 million people – a figure that has more than doubled [PDF] since 1980.

Keep on reading:

Thursday, August 9, 2012

Immaterial materialities: materiality and interactivity in art and architecture. CALL FOR PAPERS


Immaterial materialities March 7, 2012 Call for Papers
 The University of Technology Sydney, Schools of Architecture and Design, 28–30 November 2012 keynote speakers: Professor Jonathan Hill, The Bartlett – University College London Professor
Philip Ursprung, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich

Materiality has recently claimed centre stage in architectural discourse and practice, yet its critical meaning is ever receding. Tropes like material honesty, digital materiality, material responsiveness and dematerialisation mark out an interdisciplinary field where scientific fact and artistic experimentation interact, and where what in fact constitutes materiality and immateriality is constantly re-imagined. As a reaction to developments in science, materiality came under scrutiny with the emergence of nineteenth century German aesthetics (Vischer, Schmarsow) and the early avant-garde projects (Lissitzky, van Doesburg). Initiating an epistemic shift in art and architecture, these works pointed to the connection between the material properties of objects and spaces and their interaction with the inhabitant through psycho-perceptual effects. These ideas re-emerged transformed in the work of the Neo-avant-garde of the 1960s and 70s. More recent approaches deploy materials as mediators or activating agents that probe the relationship between audience/user and physical environment: Spatial investigations with phenomena-producing materials such as water, light, colour and temperature experiment with the viewer’s experience (Eliasson); responsive high-tech materials interact with audiences (Spuybroek); weather architectures (Hill), or atmo architectures (Sloterdijk) technologically re-create nature as spatial experience (Diller and Scofidio).

Keep on reading:

Tuesday, August 7, 2012

War against edible gardens

The edible garden of the White House. Picture from http://inhabitat.com/michelle-obama-to-plant-edible-garden/
Michelle Obama´s book on edible gardens. Google images.

I´ve seen Michelle Obama´s book on edible gardens, though interesting, it is not for architects.
The first lady is promoting to grow edible gardens in our own houses, the problem arises that some people think it is not aesthetic, and there must be a percentage of traditional lawn in combination with vegetables or not vegetables at all.
I know that a vegetable garden can be beautifully arranged, by the way, lettuces are pretty decorative plants.
Let us read some paragraphs about the ¨war¨ against edible gardens from an article by Sarah Laskow  at  Grist.org:

Illegal edible garden. Picture from Laskow´s article

Across the country and even in Canada, cities’ thinking about front lawns is more than a little bit antiquated. It comes down to this simple formulation: Grass good! Vegetables bad. We’ve heard one too many stories in which people decide to use their yards to grow some fresh vegetables, only to have city officials come down hard on them, forcing them to tear out their food or bulldozing the gardens themselves. If building a few bike lanes counts as a war on cars, this is definitely a war on gardens. The latest skirmish took place in Drummondville, Quebec, where Josée Landry and Michel Beauchamp built what supporters describe as “a gorgeous and meticulously-maintained edible landscape full of healthy fruits and vegetables.” (You can judge for yourself: It’s the garden in the picture above.) Under the town’s new code, a garden like that would be illegal. It covers too much of the yard. Under the new rules, only 30 percent of a yard’s area can go towards growing vegetables, and the town’s given the couple only two weeks to pull out their carefully planted veggies. 
 At least Drummondville hasn’t pulled a Tulsa and bulldozed the entire thing. If you start looking for stories like these, you’ll turn them up in droves. In 2010, Clarkston, Ga., fined a gardener named Steve Miller for planting too many vegetables. In 2011, Oak Park, Mich., told Julie Bass she couldn’t grow any vegetables in her front yard because vegetables weren’t “suitable” yard plants.

Monday, August 6, 2012

Sobre las ruinas subacuáticas del lago Titicaca

Ciudad de Copacabana, Bolivia. A orillas del lago Titicaca

He leído un artículo muy interesante de Federico Abuaf para La Nación, ¨Lago Titicaca: las aguas mágicas,¨ y de él reproduzco la sección que trata de las ruinas subacuáticas del lago más las dos fotos.

Restos arqueológicos de la zona.


¨Si bien desde tiempos inmemoriales se construyeron mitos sobre posibles metrópolis en los alrededores del lago, a partir de 1956, luego de la primera exploración arqueológica subacuática, se encontraron restos que sugerían la existencia de construcciones sepultadas por las aguas del Titicaca por razones que aún se desconocen.
El profesor Rubén Vela, del Instituto Arqueológico de Tiahuanaco, elabora una hipótesis para entender el origen de los vestigios encontrados: "Estas ruinas tienen un carácter sagrado. Su construcción hace pensar en un templo lacustre que habría constituido el punto de reunión de una peregrinación religiosa muy importante". Otros investigadores complementan esta teoría al sostener que las ruinas sumergidas son una prolongación de los muros del Templo del Sol que se encuentra en el sector norte de la isla y que existían previamente al Titicaca. Para los yatiris (sabios chamanes), en las profundidades del lago se encuentra el Taypi Qallta, el origen del universo aymara.
Según una investigación realizada por un grupo de buzos argentinos en 1966, se hallaron muros y recintos en forma de U con la parte abierta señalando hacia el centro del lago. También se encontró un camino empedrado de unos 30 metros de longitud en perfectas condiciones, similar a los caminos del inca que pueden encontrarse en distintas zonas de Perú. Y no faltan las versiones que hacen referencia a una Atlántida o ciudad perdida en las profundidades del Titicaca, y a la existencia de un grupo de laberintos sagrados (conocidos como chinkanas) de varios kilómetros, que en su tiempo podrían haber servido como conexión con Cuzco y Machu Picchu.
Si bien los pobladores de la Isla del Sol se muestran reacios a prestar información sobre las ruinas, diversas exploraciones como las de Cousteau y otros investigadores, en las que se hallaron oro, vasijas y construcciones pertenecientes a períodos muy arcaicos, han fomentado la creencia en la existencia de una ciudad perdida.
En 1848, las ruinas tiwanakotas que se hallan próximas a La Paz fueron visitadas por Bartolomé Mitre, quien apuntó en sus notas de viaje las siguientes palabras: "Se extendía a mis pies una llanura inmensa y árida y teníamos sobre nuestras cabezas el cielo más espléndido y transparente del universo. Casi en el centro de este llano andino yacen las famosas ruinas de Tiahuanaco, que por su antigüedad y sus misterios, así como por la originalidad de su arquitectura, ha sido llamada la Babel americana".

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